Curation Information

Publication: Activation of both acfA and acfD transcription by Vibrio cholerae ToxT requires binding to two centrally located DNA sites in an inverted repeat conformation.;Withey JH, DiRita VJ;Molecular microbiology 2005 May; 56(4):1062-77 [15853890]
TF: ToxT [A5F384, view regulon]
Reported TF sp.: Vibrio cholerae O395
Reported site sp.: Vibrio cholerae O395
Created by: Erill Lab
Curation notes: -

Experimental Process

Combination of beta-gal assays with limited site-directed mutagenesis on the shared acfD-acdA promoter. Verification of binding sites through copper-phenanthroline footprinting

Transcription Factor Binding Sites

Sites reported in the paper
Sites matched in the genome

AATTTTTAAAAAT
CATTTTGTTAAAT

Gene Regulation

Regulated genes for each binding site are displayed below. Gene regulation diagrams show binding sites, positively-regulated genes, negatively-regulated genes, both positively and negatively regulated genes, genes with unspecified type of regulation. For each indvidual site, experimental techniques used to determine the site are also given.

Site sequence	Regulated genes	Gene diagram	Experimental techniques	TF function	TF type
AATTTTTAAAAAT	acfA, VC0395_A0369,		Experimental technique details Beta-gal reporter assay Beta-gal reporter assay Reporter assay using the beta-galactosidase (lacZ) gene. The lacZ gene is typically fused to the promoter of interest. Differential regulation of the promoter mediated by the TF is assessed by induction of the system and evaluation of lacZ expression. Bacteria expressing lacZ appear blue when grown on a X-gal medium. The assay is often performed using a plasmid borne construction on a lacZ(def) strain. - Experimental technique details Copper-phenanthroline footprinting (ECO:0005626) Copper-phenanthroline footprinting - ECO:0005626 This technique has higher resolution as copper-1,10-phenanthroline has much less sequence cleavage specificity than DNase I and cleaves at essentially every nucleotide - Experimental technique details Site directed mutagenesis (ECO:0005667) Site directed mutagenesis - ECO:0005667 Target-specific mutation, as opposed to non-specific mutation. In the context of TF-binding sites, site-directed mutagenesis is typically used to establish/confirm the specific sequence and location of a site, often in tandem with EMSA. Different positions of a putative binding site are mutated to non-consensus (or random) bases and binding to the mutated site is evaluated through EMSA or other means. Often implemented only in conserved motif positions or serially through all positions of a site. -	activator	monomer
CATTTTGTTAAAT	acfA, VC0395_A0369,		Experimental technique details Beta-gal reporter assay Beta-gal reporter assay Reporter assay using the beta-galactosidase (lacZ) gene. The lacZ gene is typically fused to the promoter of interest. Differential regulation of the promoter mediated by the TF is assessed by induction of the system and evaluation of lacZ expression. Bacteria expressing lacZ appear blue when grown on a X-gal medium. The assay is often performed using a plasmid borne construction on a lacZ(def) strain. - Experimental technique details Copper-phenanthroline footprinting (ECO:0005626) Copper-phenanthroline footprinting - ECO:0005626 This technique has higher resolution as copper-1,10-phenanthroline has much less sequence cleavage specificity than DNase I and cleaves at essentially every nucleotide - Experimental technique details Site directed mutagenesis (ECO:0005667) Site directed mutagenesis - ECO:0005667 Target-specific mutation, as opposed to non-specific mutation. In the context of TF-binding sites, site-directed mutagenesis is typically used to establish/confirm the specific sequence and location of a site, often in tandem with EMSA. Different positions of a putative binding site are mutated to non-consensus (or random) bases and binding to the mutated site is evaluated through EMSA or other means. Often implemented only in conserved motif positions or serially through all positions of a site. -	activator	monomer